QUESTION & ANSWERS- "MURDER IN THE CATHEDRAL"

 

QUESTION & ANSWERS- "MURDER IN THE CATHEDRAL"

 

THE ROLE OF THE CHORUS IN "MURDER IN THE CATHEDRAL"

The Chorus in T.S. Eliot's "Murder in the Cathedral" plays a pivotal role, drawing heavily from the tradition of Greek tragedy. Composed of women from Canterbury, the Chorus acts as a mediator between the audience and the unfolding drama, voicing the thoughts and emotions of ordinary people. By commenting on the action, the Chorus bridges the gap between the audience and the events on stage, making the characters more relatable. This commentary not only provides insight into the emotional consequences of the actions but also intensifies the audience's emotional engagement with the drama, allowing them to empathize with the characters' experiences.

The Chorus is significant as it represents the common man, embodying the experiences and fears of ordinary individuals. This makes the play's themes more universal, as the audience can see themselves reflected in the Chorus's anxieties and judgments. The Chorus is also crucial in developing the themes of faith, sacrifice, and martyrdom. Initially fearful of Becket's fate, they eventually come to understand his death as part of a divine plan, highlighting the play's central theme of martyrdom. This transformation underscores the play's exploration of spiritual struggle and redemption, as the Chorus evolves from expressing fear and foreboding to recognizing a higher purpose in Becket's sacrifice.

Furthermore, the Chorus uses poetic language to convey the timeless nature of the play's themes. Their speeches often echo elements of Becket's sermons, reinforcing the idea that sacrifice can lead to spiritual renewal. This symbolic and poetic function of the Chorus enhances the emotional and spiritual intensity of the play, making it a powerful exploration of human nature and divine purpose. Overall, the Chorus in "Murder in the Cathedral" serves as a bridge between the audience and the action, providing a common man's perspective on the events and underscoring the universal themes of sacrifice and redemption.

THOMAS BECKET'S CHARACTER IN "MURDER IN THE CATHEDRAL"

Thomas Becket, the central figure in T.S. Eliot's "Murder in the Cathedral," is portrayed as a complex character grappling with spiritual and moral dilemmas. He is depicted as a man of strong convictions, deeply committed to his faith and the principles of the Church. However, he is also shown to be flawed, particularly with a tendency towards pride and egoism, which are highlighted as significant human frailties. The play explores Becket's inner struggle as he faces various temptations, each testing his resolve and moral fiber. The first three tempters offer him material power and alliances, which he rejects as beneath his spiritual aspirations. The fourth tempter, however, presents a more insidious challenge by suggesting that Becket seek martyrdom for personal glory, a temptation that resonates deeply with Becket's pride.

Despite the allure of the fourth tempter's offer, Becket comes to realize that true martyrdom must be accepted without seeking personal glory. He understands that a true martyr desires nothing, not even martyrdom itself. This realization marks a significant development in Becket's character, as he transitions from a state of imperfect motives to one of spiritual clarity. He accepts his fate, not as a means to achieve personal recognition but as a fulfillment of God's will. This acceptance is underscored by his refusal to flee or hide from his assassins, demonstrating his readiness to face death with courage and conviction. Through this transformation, Becket embodies the ideals of sainthood, transcending earthly concerns to achieve a higher level of spiritual awareness.

Becket's character can be seen as both static and dynamic. He is static in his unwavering commitment to his principles but dynamic in his moral growth. Initially, his pride and egoism are evident, but through his struggles, he achieves a higher level of spiritual awareness. This transformation allows him to transcend earthly concerns and embody the ideals of sainthood. While Becket shares some traits with the Aristotelian tragic hero, such as a flaw (pride), his ultimate triumph over this flaw distinguishes him from the typical tragic hero. Instead of succumbing to his flaws, Becket conquers them, achieving a state of spiritual perfection. Historically, Thomas Becket's murder in Canterbury Cathedral was a pivotal event, shocking the nation and leading to widespread veneration of Becket as a martyr. In the play, Becket's character serves as a symbol of the conflict between church and state, as well as the enduring power of faith and martyrdom.

In summary, Thomas Becket in "Murder in the Cathedral" is a complex figure, marked by both human frailty and spiritual strength. His journey from pride to acceptance of martyrdom for the right reasons underscores the play's central themes of faith, sacrifice, and redemption. Through his character, Eliot explores the nature of true martyrdom and the pursuit of spiritual purity in the face of worldly temptations, making Becket a compelling and enduring figure in literary history.

IN T.S. ELIOT'S "MURDER IN THE CATHEDRAL," THE FOUR TEMPTERS REPRESENT DIFFERENT FACETS OF TEMPTATION THAT CHALLENGE THOMAS BECKET'S RESOLVE AND SPIRITUAL INTEGRITY.

The First Tempter: This tempter represents the allure of pleasure and social life. He offers Becket the opportunity to return to his former life of luxury and companionship with King Henry II, suggesting that he can enjoy parties, entertainment, and other worldly pleasures without facing conflict with the king.

The Second Tempter: This tempter appeals to Becket's sense of loyalty and friendship, reminding him of his past relationship with the king. He suggests that by siding with Henry, Becket can maintain peace and protect his friends, thus using secular power to achieve stability and justice.

The Third Tempter: This tempter embodies the desire for self-preservation and safety. He argues that Becket should avoid martyrdom and focus on his own well-being, suggesting that he can still serve God without sacrificing his life.

The Fourth Tempter: The final tempter represents the most insidious challenge, appealing to Becket's pride and desire for spiritual glory. He encourages Becket to seek martyrdom not for its inherent value but for the personal recognition and sainthood it would bring, highlighting the danger of doing the right deed for the wrong reason. This temptation is particularly difficult for Becket to overcome, as it resonates with his own pride and ambition. Ultimately, Becket rejects this temptation, choosing to accept his fate as a martyr for the right reasons, thus underscoring the play's central themes of sacrifice and faith.

EXAMINE THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF "MURDER IN THE CATHEDRAL" AND ITS RELEVANCE TO MODERN SOCIETY.

T.S. Eliot's "Murder in the Cathedral" is deeply rooted in historical context, drawing from the tumultuous relationship between Archbishop Thomas Becket and King Henry II in 12th-century England. The play is based on the real event of Becket's murder in Canterbury Cathedral on December 29, 1170, which was a culmination of a decade-long dispute over the balance of power between the church and the state. King Henry II sought to assert his authority over the clergy, believing they should be subject to secular law for crimes committed outside their religious duties. Becket, however, insisted that clergy members should only be tried by ecclesiastical courts, leading to a severe conflict that ultimately resulted in his assassination by four knights who interpreted the king's frustration as an indirect order to kill Becket.

Despite being set in medieval times, "Murder in the Cathedral" retains significant relevance to modern society. The play explores universal themes such as the struggle for power, the tension between individual conscience and authority, and the nature of sacrifice and martyrdom. These themes continue to resonate today, as societies grapple with issues of religious freedom, political power struggles, and the role of individual dissent in challenging established authority. The play's portrayal of a strong individual standing against oppressive forces also speaks to contemporary concerns about personal freedom and the responsibility to act according to one's beliefs, even in the face of overwhelming opposition.

Furthermore, the play's exploration of the conflict between church and state remains pertinent in modern times, where debates about the separation of church and state continue to influence political and social discourse. The historical event of Becket's martyrdom, which led to his canonization and the transformation of Canterbury Cathedral into a major pilgrimage site, underscores the enduring impact of religious figures on cultural and political landscapes. In this sense, "Murder in the Cathedral" not only reflects on past conflicts but also offers insights into the ongoing dynamics between religious institutions and secular powers, making it a work of enduring relevance in contemporary society.

EXPLORE THE THEME OF "ACTION" VERSUS "SUFFERING" IN "MURDER IN THE CATHEDRAL." HOW DOES THOMAS BECKET NAVIGATE THIS DICHOTOMY, AND WHAT MESSAGE DOES ELIOT CONVEY THROUGH BECKET'S JOURNEY?

The theme of "action" versus "suffering" is a central dichotomy in T.S. Eliot's "Murder in the Cathedral," as it explores the complex relationship between human agency and passive endurance. In the play, "action" refers to man's attempts to influence his own fate, to declare his own individuality, while "suffering" is defined as "patient endurance," rather than mere pain, and involves retreating from individuality into a state of acceptance. Thomas Becket navigates this dichotomy by initially struggling with the desire to act in a way that would secure his own spiritual glory, only to realize that true martyrdom requires embracing suffering without seeking personal recognition. This realization leads him to adopt an "active patience," where he willingly submits to God's will, allowing himself to be a sacrifice for a higher purpose.

Through Becket's journey, Eliot conveys a profound message about the nature of spiritual growth and redemption. By embracing suffering as an integral part of his action, Becket transcends the limitations of human understanding and aligns himself with a divine plan. This transformation underscores the idea that true spiritual strength lies not in asserting one's will but in surrendering to a greater purpose. The play suggests that the dichotomy between action and suffering is not a binary opposition but a complementary relationship, where action becomes meaningful only when it is infused with the spirit of suffering or patient endurance. Ultimately, Eliot's portrayal of Becket's journey highlights the importance of self-sacrifice and submission as necessary steps towards spiritual enlightenment, emphasizing that true courage and determination involve embracing both action and suffering as part of a unified whole.

The exploration of this theme also resonates with the broader historical and philosophical context of the play. The conflict between worldly power and spiritual authority, as exemplified by the struggle between King Henry II and Archbishop Becket, serves as a backdrop for this exploration. By choosing martyrdom over compromise with secular authority, Becket embodies the idea that spiritual power transcends temporal power, and that true action is not about asserting dominance but about aligning oneself with eternal values. Through this narrative, Eliot invites the audience to reflect on the nature of sacrifice, courage, and the human condition, emphasizing that true heroism lies not in avoiding suffering but in embracing it as a path to spiritual fulfilment.

 

 

Critical Appreciation of The Play ' Larins Sahib ' By Gurcharan Das.

 

Critical Appreciation of The Play ' Larins Sahib ' By Gurcharan Das.

"Larins Sahib" by Gurcharan Das is a significant play in Indian English drama, exploring themes of colonialism, cultural identity, and the clash between tradition and modernity. Set during the British Raj, the play revolves around the life of Larins Sahib, a British officer who becomes deeply entangled in the cultural and political fabric of India. 

 

Themes and Motifs:

 Colonialism and Cultural Conflict: The play goes deep into the complexities of colonial rule, highlighting the power dynamics between the British and Indians. Larins Sahib's character embodies the duality of colonial authority and personal vulnerability, as he struggles to reconcile his British identity with his growing affinity for Indian culture.

   Identity and Assimilation: The protagonist's journey reflects the broader theme of cultural assimilation. His attempts to understand and integrate into Indian society raise questions about the possibility of genuine cross-cultural understanding in a hierarchical colonial system.

   Tradition vs. Modernity: The play contrasts traditional Indian values with the modernizing influence of British rule. This tension is evident in the characters' interactions and the societal changes depicted in the narrative.

 

Characterization:

  Larins Sahib: The protagonist is a complex figure, torn between his duty as a British officer and his personal connection to India. His character is a critique of the colonial mindset, yet it also humanizes the colonizer, showing his internal conflicts and vulnerabilities.

   Indian Characters: The Indian characters in the play are not mere stereotypes; they are portrayed with depth and agency. Their interactions with Larins Sahib reveal the nuances of resistance, collaboration, and adaptation under colonial rule.

In Gurcharan Das's play “Larins Sahib”, the Indian characters are central to the narrative, providing depth and perspective to the themes of colonialism, cultural conflict, and identity. These characters are not mere foils to the British protagonist but are portrayed with complexity and agency, reflecting the diverse responses of Indians to colonial rule. Below is a detailed analysis of the key Indian characters in the play:

1. Rukmani:

   Role and Significance: Rukmani is one of the most prominent Indian characters in the play. She represents the traditional Indian woman, yet she is also a symbol of resilience and quiet strength. Her interactions with Larins Sahib reveal the personal and emotional dimensions of colonial encounters.

   Character Traits: Rukmani is dignified, compassionate, and deeply rooted in her cultural values. She embodies the Indian spirit that resists colonial domination not through overt rebellion but through steadfast adherence to her identity and traditions.

   Relationship with Larins Sahib: Rukmani's relationship with Larins Sahib is complex. While there is a sense of mutual respect, it is also marked by the inherent power imbalance of colonialism. Her character highlights the emotional and psychological toll of colonial interactions on Indians.

2. The Maharaja:

   Role and Significance: The Maharaja represents the Indian aristocracy and its complicated relationship with the British. He is a figure of authority within his own realm but is subservient to the British colonial administration.

  Character Traits: The Maharaja is pragmatic and politically astute. He navigates the colonial system with a mix of collaboration and subtle resistance, ensuring the survival of his kingdom while maintaining a semblance of autonomy.

   Symbolism: His character symbolizes the erosion of traditional Indian power structures under colonial rule. He is a tragic figure, caught between preserving his heritage and succumbing to the pressures of British dominance.

3. The Dewan:

   Role and Significance: The Dewan, or the prime minister of the kingdom, is a key political figure in the play. He acts as a mediator between the Indian rulers and the British authorities.

   Character Traits: The Dewan is shrewd, calculating, and deeply aware of the political realities of colonialism. He represents the class of Indians who adapted to colonial rule by serving as intermediaries, often at the cost of their own cultural integrity.

  Conflict and Ambiguity: His character embodies the moral ambiguity of collaboration. While he ensures the kingdom's survival, his actions raise questions about the cost of compromise in the face of colonial oppression.

4. The Indian Servants and Commoners:

   Role and Significance: The play also features Indian servants and commoners who provide a glimpse into the lives of ordinary Indians under colonial rule. They represent the masses who bore the brunt of colonial exploitation.

   Character Traits: These characters are often portrayed with dignity and resilience, despite their subjugation. They subtly resist colonial authority through acts of defiance, humor, and quiet perseverance.

   Symbolism: Their presence underscores the pervasive impact of colonialism on all strata of Indian society. They serve as a reminder of the human cost of imperial domination.

5. The Indian Intellectuals and Reformers:

   Role and Significance: The play includes characters who represent the emerging class of Indian intellectuals and reformers during the colonial period. They are influenced by Western ideas but are also deeply committed to Indian traditions and self-rule.

  Character Traits: These characters are idealistic, articulate, and forward-thinking. They critique both colonial oppression and the regressive aspects of Indian society, advocating for social and political change.

   Symbolism: They symbolize the awakening of Indian nationalism and the struggle for independence. Their interactions with Larins Sahib highlight the ideological clash between colonial rulers and Indian reformers.

6. The Indian Soldiers and Sepoys:

   Role and Significance: The Indian soldiers, or sepoys, are part of the British colonial army. They represent the paradox of Indians serving the very power that oppresses them.

   Character Traits: These characters are loyal to their British superiors but are also aware of their marginalized status within the colonial hierarchy. Their internal conflicts reflect the broader tensions of colonial India.

  Symbolism: The sepoys symbolize the exploitation of Indian labor and resources for the benefit of the colonial regime. Their presence in the play underscores the militaristic nature of British rule.

7. The Indian Women:

  Role and Significance: Indian women in the play, apart from Rukmani, represent the diverse experiences of women under colonial rule. They are depicted as both victims of patriarchal and colonial oppression and as agents of subtle resistance.

   Character Traits: These women are often portrayed as resilient and resourceful, navigating the dual burdens of gender and colonial subjugation. They challenge stereotypes of passivity and victimhood.

   Symbolism: The Indian women in the play symbolize the intersection of gender and colonialism, highlighting the unique struggles faced by women in a patriarchal and imperialist society.

The Indian characters in “Larins Sahib” are richly drawn and multi-dimensional, reflecting the complexities of colonial India. They represent a wide spectrum of responses to British rule, from collaboration and adaptation to resistance and rebellion. Through these characters, Gurcharan Das explores the human dimensions of colonialism, shedding light on the cultural, political, and emotional conflicts of the time. The portrayal of Indian characters adds depth and nuance to the play, making it a compelling exploration of identity, power, and resistance in the colonial context.

 

Narrative Structure and Style:

   - The play employs a realistic narrative style, with dialogues that reflect the socio-political tensions of the time. Gurcharan Das uses irony and subtle humor to critique colonial attitudes and highlight the absurdities of the imperial project.

   - The structure of the play is episodic, mirroring the fragmented nature of colonial encounters. This approach allows the audience to engage with the multifaceted realities of the characters' lives.

 

Historical and Political Context:

   - "Larins Sahib" is deeply rooted in the historical context of British India. It provides a nuanced perspective on the colonial experience, moving beyond simplistic binaries of oppressor and oppressed. The play critiques the exploitative nature of colonialism while also acknowledging the cultural exchanges that occurred during this period.

 

Critical Reception:

   - The play has been praised for its insightful exploration of colonial dynamics and its nuanced portrayal of characters. However, some critics argue that it romanticizes the colonial encounter by focusing too much on the personal transformation of Larins Sahib, potentially overshadowing the systemic violence and exploitation of colonialism.

 

Relevance Today:

   - "Larins Sahib" remains relevant as it addresses enduring questions about cultural identity, power, and the legacy of colonialism. In a globalized world, the play's exploration of cross-cultural understanding and conflict resonates with contemporary issues of migration, multiculturalism, and postcolonial identity.

 

Thus , "Larins Sahib" is a thought-provoking play that offers a critical lens on the colonial experience in India. Gurcharan Das skillfully navigates the complexities of cultural interaction, presenting a narrative that is both historically grounded and thematically rich. While it has its limitations, the play's exploration of identity, power, and cultural conflict makes it a significant contribution to Indian English literature and postcolonial drama.

The Four Tempters in "Murder in the Cathedral "

 

          The Four Tempters in "Murder in the Cathedral "

In T.S. Eliot's play "Murder in the Cathedral," the four tempters represent different facets of temptation that Thomas Becket must confront as he faces his impending martyrdom. Each tempter embodies a specific kind of worldly allurement, attempting to divert Becket from his spiritual path and commitment to God.

  

The First Tempter: This tempter appeals to Becket's desire for a comfortable and secure life, reminding him of the pleasures and worldly comforts he enjoyed as King Henry II's chancellor. He suggests that Becket can still have influence and power within the court, albeit by compromising his principles. This temptation represents the allure of worldly pleasures and the fear of losing one's comfortable existence.

 Breakdown of the First Tempter's approach:

Nostalgia: He evokes a sense of longing for the past, reminding Becket of the camaraderie, the power, and the material comforts he once possessed. This appeals to Becket's human desire for security and happiness.

Worldly Comforts: The tempter emphasizes the pleasures of courtly life, the banquets, the fine clothes, and the social status that Becket has renounced. He suggests that Becket could easily reclaim this life if he simply compromised his principles.

Fear of Loss: Implicit in the tempter's words is the threat of losing everything Becket once had. He hints at the precariousness of Becket's position, the potential dangers he faces, and the sacrifices he has made. This plays on Becket's fear of suffering and death.

Subtle Undermining: The tempter doesn't directly urge Becket to abandon his faith. Instead, he subtly suggests that Becket can maintain his spiritual position while still enjoying the benefits of worldly power and influence. This blurs the lines between spiritual and secular values, making the temptation more insidious.

Becket's Response:

Becket acknowledges the truth in the tempter's words, recognizing the allure of the life he once led. However, he ultimately rejects this temptation, realizing that it is a distraction from his true calling. He understands that true happiness and fulfillment lie not in worldly pleasures but in serving God's will. Becket's rejection of this temptation demonstrates his spiritual strength and his commitment to his faith, even in the face of personal sacrifice.

 

The Second Tempter: The second tempter plays on Becket's loyalty and sense of duty to the King. He argues that Becket should display his relationship with Henry and maintain peace within the kingdom. This tempter represents the temptation to compromise one's principles for the sake of political expediency and maintaining social order.

He doesn't focus on personal comfort like the First Tempter, but rather on the political consequences of Becket's stance.  He represents the temptation to compromise one's principles for the sake of political usefulness and maintaining social order.

Detailed look at the Second Tempter's tactics:

Emphasis on Duty and Order: The Second Tempter stresses the importance of maintaining peace and order in the kingdom. He argues that Becket's defiance of the King is disruptive and threatens the stability of the realm. He presents Becket's unwavering stance as selfish and potentially disastrous for the country.

Playing on Becket's Past Relationship with Henry: He reminds Becket of their former close relationship, suggesting that Becket owes Henry his loyalty and should strive to reconcile with him. This appeals to Becket's sense of personal obligation and friendship. He portrays Henry as misunderstood or misguided, implying that Becket could be the one to guide him back to reason.

Political Pragmatism: The Tempter advocates for a pragmatic approach, suggesting that compromise is necessary for the greater good. He implies that Becket's rigid adherence to principle is impractical and could lead to chaos and bloodshed. He frames compromise not as a betrayal of faith, but as a necessary political maneuver.

Subtle Threat: While not as overt as the later tempters, there's an underlying threat in the Second Tempter's words. He hints at the potential consequences of Becket's actions, suggesting that his intransigence could lead to violence and even civil war. This subtly plays on Becket's fear of the repercussions of his choices.

 Becket's Response:

Becket recognizes the validity of some of the Second Tempter's points. He understands the importance of political stability and acknowledges his past bond with the King. However, he ultimately rejects this temptation because he realizes that true loyalty to the kingdom lies in upholding God's law, even if it means challenging the King. He recognizes that true peace and order can only be built on a foundation of justice and righteousness, not on political expediency.  He sees that compromising his principles for the sake of political expediency would be a betrayal of his higher duty to God.

 

The Third Tempter: This tempter focuses on Becket's fear of death and suffering. He urges Becket to flee and save himself from the impending danger, arguing that martyrdom is a pointless sacrifice. This temptation embodies the primal instinct for self-preservation and the fear of physical pain and death.

He doesn't appeal to worldly pleasures or political concerns like the first two tempters, but rather to the instinct for self-preservation. He represents the temptation to avoid pain and embrace survival at any cost.

Detailed breakdown of the Third Tempter's approach:

Graphic Imagery of Martyrdom: The Third Tempter paints a vivid and disturbing picture of the physical suffering that Becket will endure if he chooses martyrdom. He describes the violence of the impending attack, the pain of the wounds, and the horror of death. He aims to instill terror in Becket's heart, making the prospect of martyrdom seem unbearable.

Emphasis on the Finality of Death: He stresses the finality of death, suggesting that martyrdom is a pointless sacrifice that brings only oblivion. He attempts to diminish the spiritual significance of martyrdom, portraying it as a meaningless end rather than a glorious act of faith. He tries to make Becket question the value of sacrificing his life.

Appeal to Natural Instinct: The Tempter argues that self-preservation is a natural and understandable instinct. He suggests that Becket shouldn't feel ashamed or guilty for wanting to avoid death. He frames the desire to live as a rational choice, contrasting it with the perceived irrationality of seeking martyrdom.

Suggestion of Escape: He offers Becket a way out, suggesting that he could flee and avoid the impending danger. He doesn't explicitly tell Becket to renounce his faith, but implies that escape is the only sensible option for a man who values his life. He presents flight as a pragmatic and even wise decision.

Becket's Response:

This temptation is perhaps the most difficult for Becket to overcome because it confronts him with his own mortality.  He acknowledges the very real fear of death and the natural desire to survive. However, he ultimately rejects this temptation by recognizing that true life lies not in avoiding death but in embracing God's will. He understands that his earthly life is temporary and that true fulfillment comes from dedicating himself to a higher purpose, even if it means sacrificing his physical existence.  He acknowledges the fear, but transcends it through his faith.

 

The Fourth Tempter: The fourth tempter presents the most insidious and complex temptation. He appeals to Becket's spiritual pride, suggesting that Becket's martyrdom would bring him immense glory and sainthood. This temptation represents the danger of seeking spiritual rewards for the wrong reasons, highlighting the subtle line between true devotion and personal ambition.

He doesn't appeal to worldly comforts, political expediency, or fear of death like the previous tempters. Instead, he targets Becket's deepest spiritual aspirations, suggesting that his martyrdom will bring him immense glory and sainthood.  This temptation is particularly insidious because it masks itself as a virtuous pursuit, making it difficult for Becket to recognize the underlying danger.

Detailed breakdown of the Fourth Tempter's tactics:

Focus on Spiritual Glory: The Fourth Tempter emphasizes the fame and recognition that Becket will receive if he becomes a martyr. He paints a picture of Becket's name being revered for centuries, his image enshrined in churches, and his life celebrated as an example of unwavering faith. He appeals to Becket's desire for spiritual significance and lasting legacy.

Playing on Becket's Ambition: He subtly suggests that Becket's martyrdom would be the ultimate achievement, the culmination of his spiritual journey. He implies that Becket is destined for greatness and that martyrdom is the path to achieving it. This plays on Becket's potential for spiritual ambition, the desire to be recognized as a holy and righteous man.

Twisting Spiritual Values: The Tempter cleverly twists the concept of spiritual sacrifice, suggesting that Becket should embrace martyrdom not simply as an act of obedience to God, but as a means of achieving personal spiritual exaltation. He subtly shifts the focus from God's will to Becket's own spiritual advancement. He frames martyrdom as a path to personal sainthood, rather than an act of selfless devotion.

Subtle Flattery: He uses subtle flattery, praising Becket's strength and unwavering faith. He suggests that Becket is uniquely positioned to achieve martyrdom and that his sacrifice will be a testament to his exceptional spiritual qualities. This appeals to Becket's sense of self-worth and reinforces the idea that he is destined for greatness.

Becket's Response:

This is arguably the most challenging temptation for Becket because it feeds on his deepest spiritual desires.  He recognizes the danger of seeking martyrdom for the wrong reasons, understanding that true martyrdom must be an act of pure devotion to God, free from any taint of personal ambition or desire for glory.  He sees the crucial distinction between serving God and serving one's own ego, even in a spiritual context.  Becket realizes that accepting martyrdom for the sake of personal glorification would be a profound act of spiritual pride, a sin in itself.  His rejection of this temptation demonstrates his profound humility and his unwavering commitment to God's will above all else.  He seeks not his own glory, but the glory of God.

[The fourth tempter's offer is the hardest for Becket to resist because it targets his deepest desire: to be truly holy.  The tempter suggests that becoming a martyr will make Becket famous and a saint, which sounds very appealing spiritually.  But Becket realizes that wanting to be a martyr for the glory is wrong.  A true martyr sacrifices themselves purely for God, not for personal recognition.  Becket understands the difference between serving God and just wanting to look good spiritually.  He knows that dying for personal glory is actually a form of pride, which is a sin.  By rejecting this temptation, Becket shows he's truly humble and dedicated to God's will, not his own fame. He wants to honor God, not himself.]

Becket ultimately rejects all four temptations, recognizing them as distractions from his true calling and his commitment to God's will. His rejection of these temptations demonstrates his spiritual strength and unwavering faith, leading him to embrace his fate as a martyr.

 

THE FOUR KNIGHTS in 'MURDER IN CATHEDRAL'

 

THE FOUR KNIGHTS

(Reference material for students)

 

In T.S. Eliot's "Murder in the Cathedral," the four knights are:

• Reginald Fitz Urse
• William de Traci
• Hugh de Morville
• Richard Brito

Their motive for killing Thomas Becket stems from the ongoing conflict between King Henry II and Becket. Essentially, they interpret King Henry's frustrated words as a royal command.

 Reasons behind their actions:

• Royal Authority:
• They believe they are acting on behalf of the king. It's implied that King Henry II, in a moment of anger, uttered words that they took as a desire to be rid of Becket.
• They see themselves as loyal subjects carrying out the king's will, upholding the authority of the crown.
• Conflict of Power:
• Conflict of Power:
• The conflict between Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and King Henry II centered on the balance of power between the Church and the state.
• The knights viewed Becket as a threat to the king's authority, believing he was overstepping his boundaries.
• Justification:
• Justification:
• After the murder, the knights attempt to justify their actions to the audience, presenting their perspective as reasonable and necessary.
• They attempt to portray Becket as a traitor.
• Misinterpretation:
• Misinterpretation:
• It is very possible that the Knights acted on their own interpretation of the king’s words, and that the king did not directly order the murder.

In essence, they killed Becket because they believed they were acting in the best interests of the king and the realm, driven by a perception of Becket as a rebellious figure.

The four knights play a crucial and multifaceted role that goes beyond simply being the physical perpetrators of Thomas Becket's murder -

• Agents of Secular Power:
• The knights represent the temporal power of King Henry II. They act as instruments of the king's perceived will, highlighting the conflict between secular and religious authority, a central theme of the play.
• Their presence underscores the tension between the state and the Church, a conflict that defined the historical period.
• Executioners and Justifiers:
• Executioners and Justifiers:
• They carry out the act of murder, the pivotal event of the play.
• Crucially, Eliot gives them extended speeches in prose after the murder, where they attempt to justify their actions to the audience. This serves several purposes-
• It forces the audience to confront the rationalizations used to justify violence.
• It explores the complexities of guilt and responsibility.
• It also shows the difference between the poetic tension of the play, and the more base, prosaic nature of the knights.
• Psychological and Theological Dimensions:
• Psychological and Theological Dimensions:
• The knights' actions contribute to Becket's path to martyrdom. They are, in a sense, fulfilling a role in Becket's spiritual journey.
• Their presence raises questions about free will, fate, and the nature of sacrifice.
• Breaking the Fourth Wall:
• Breaking the Fourth Wall:
• By addressing the audience directly, the knights disrupt the dramatic illusion and engage the audience in a direct debate about the events of the play. This technique adds a layer of complexity to the play's exploration of moral responsibility.

In essence, the four knights are not merely villains; they are integral to the play's exploration of power, faith, and the complexities of human action.

The knights' justification of their actions in "Murder in the Cathedral" serves several key purposes within the play:

• To Present a Secular Perspective:
• By giving the knights extended speeches in prose, Eliot shifts the tone from the poetic intensity of the earlier scenes to a more pragmatic, worldly perspective.
• This allows him to explore the clash between spiritual and political authority by presenting the knights' rationalizations for their actions.
• To Engage the Audience:
• To Engage the Audience:
• The knights' direct addresses to the audience break the fourth wall, drawing the audience into the moral debate.
• This forces the audience to confront the complexities of the situation and consider the knights' arguments, even if they ultimately reject them.
• To Explore the Nature of Responsibility:
• To Explore the Nature of Responsibility:
• The knights' justifications reveal their attempts to absolve themselves of guilt.
• They offer various rationalizations, such as claiming they were acting on the king's orders or that Becket was responsible for his own death.
• This raises questions about individual responsibility, the influence of authority, and the nature of justice.
• To Add a layer of Irony:
• To Add a layer of Irony:
• The knights use very logical sounding arguments, to justify a very brutal and illogical action. This creates a strong sense of irony.
• To provide a historical context:
• To provide a historical context:
• The justifications that the knights provide, reflect the political climate of the time. The struggle between the crown, and the church, was very real, and the knight’s arguments reflect those real-world tensions.

In essence, the knights' justifications are not intended to excuse their actions, but rather to provide a deeper understanding of the motivations and complexities that led to Becket's murder.